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Intravascular ultrasound-derived minimal lumen area criteria for functionally significant left main coronary artery stenosis Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Left Main Disease: Pre- and Post-EXCEL (Evaluation of XIENCE Everolimus Eluting Stent Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization) and NOBLE (Nordic-Baltic-British Left Main Revascularization Study) Era Novel predictor of target vessel revascularization after coronary stent implantation: Intraluminal intensity of blood speckle on intravascular ultrasound Management of Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Undergoing PCI: JACC State-of-the-Art Review The Impact of Coronary Physiology on Contemporary Clinical Decision Making Assessment of Vascular Dysfunction in Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Why, How, and When In patients with stable coronary heart disease, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels < 70 mg/dL and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c < 7% are associated with lower major cardiovascular events Clinical value of post-percutaneous coronary intervention fractional flow reserve value: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Review Article2017 Aug 25;13(6):696-705

JOURNAL:EuroIntervention. Article Link

State of the art: evolving concepts in the treatment of heavily calcified and undilatable coronary stenoses - from debulking to plaque modification, a 40-year-long journey

Barbato E, Shlofmitz E, Milkas A et al. Keywords: rotational atherectomy; cutting balloon; orbital atherectomy; Calcified stenosis; complex PCI

ABSTRACT

Since the first balloon angioplasty by Andreas Grüntzig 40 years ago, interventional cardiology has witnessed the introduction of countless tools and techniques that have significantly contributed to broadening the application of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in unprecedented anatomic settings. Heavily calcified, fibrotic coronary stenosis has traditionally represented a very challenging scenario for PCI, and a very common indication for surgical revascularisation. This was mostly due to the difficulty in adequately dilating these lesions and/or to the inability to deliver and implant stents appropriately, which is often associated with high rates of procedural complications and suboptimal long-term clinical outcomes. Thanks to dedicated cutting and scoring balloons and to atherectomy devices, the treatment of most fibrotic and heavily calcified stenoses has become feasible and safe. Interventional cardiologists have learned how best to apply these tools through better patient and lesion selection, and also as a result of improved technology and techniques. In this review, we describe a 40-year-long journey that has evolved from the initial stand-alone debulking strategy to the currently applied coronary plaque modification, with the main objective of optimising drug-eluting stent delivery and implantation, translating into significantly improved patient outcomes.