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Relationship between fractional flow reserve value and the amount of subtended myocardium Predictors of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in the ISCHEMIA Trial Bosentan therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study Optical coherence tomography and C-reactive protein in risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes High-Resolution Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for the Identification of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial Diagnostic Performance of Angiogram-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve: A Pooled Analysis of 5 Prospective Cohort Studies Asia Pacific Consensus Document on Coronary Bifurcation Interventions Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Multivessel Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Angiography Alone Versus Angiography Plus Optical Coherence Tomography to Guide Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes From the Pan-London PCI Cohort

Review ArticleVolume 75, Issue 10, March 2020

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Diuretic Therapy for Patients With Heart Failure JACC State-of-the-Art Review

GM Felker, DH Ellison, W Mullens et al. Keywords: congestion; diuretics; heart failure; pharmacology

ABSTRACT

Expansion of extracellular fluid volume is central to the pathophysiology of heart failure. Increased extracellular fluid leads to elevated intracardiac filling pressures, resulting in a constellation of signs and symptoms of heart failure referred to as congestion. Loop diuretics are one of the cornerstones of treatments for heart failure, but in contrast to other therapies, robust clinical trial evidence to guide the use of diuretics is sparse. A nuanced understanding of renal physiology and diuretic pharmacokinetics is essential for skillful use of diuretics in the management of heart failure in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Diuretic resistance, defined as an inadequate quantity of natriuresis despite an adequate diuretic regimen, is a major clinical challenge that generally portends a poor prognosis. In this review, the authors discuss the fundamental mechanisms and physiological principles that underlie the use of diuretic therapy and the available data on the optimal use of diuretics.