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Intensive Care Utilization in Stable Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Rapid Reperfusion Comparative Effectiveness of β-Blocker Use Beyond 3 Years After Myocardial Infarction and Long-Term Outcomes Among Elderly Patients Open sesame technique in percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: What Is its Value? Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity Long-term outcomes after myocardial infarction in middle-aged and older patients with congenital heart disease-a nationwide study Refractory Angina: From Pathophysiology to New Therapeutic Nonpharmacological Technologies Another Nail in the Coffin for Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsion in Acute Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock Invasive Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Effects of clopidogrel vs. prasugrel vs. ticagrelor on endothelial function, inflammatory parameters, and platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary artery stenting: a randomized, blinded, parallel study

Review ArticleVolume 75, Issue 10, March 2020

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Diuretic Therapy for Patients With Heart Failure JACC State-of-the-Art Review

GM Felker, DH Ellison, W Mullens et al. Keywords: congestion; diuretics; heart failure; pharmacology

ABSTRACT

Expansion of extracellular fluid volume is central to the pathophysiology of heart failure. Increased extracellular fluid leads to elevated intracardiac filling pressures, resulting in a constellation of signs and symptoms of heart failure referred to as congestion. Loop diuretics are one of the cornerstones of treatments for heart failure, but in contrast to other therapies, robust clinical trial evidence to guide the use of diuretics is sparse. A nuanced understanding of renal physiology and diuretic pharmacokinetics is essential for skillful use of diuretics in the management of heart failure in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Diuretic resistance, defined as an inadequate quantity of natriuresis despite an adequate diuretic regimen, is a major clinical challenge that generally portends a poor prognosis. In this review, the authors discuss the fundamental mechanisms and physiological principles that underlie the use of diuretic therapy and the available data on the optimal use of diuretics.