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Negative Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Events in the Elderly Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes Early Surgery or Conservative Care for Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis Predictors of high residual gradient after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in bicuspid aortic valve stenosis A Combined Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Study on Plaque Rupture, Plaque Erosion, and Calcified Nodule in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Incidence, Morphologic Characteristics, and Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Rationale and design of a large-scale, app-based study to identify cardiac arrhythmias using a smartwatch: The Apple Heart Study The Evolution of β-Blockers in Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure (Part 1/5) 2019 Guidelines on Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines Impact of Positive and Negative Lesion Site Remodeling on Clinical Outcomes : Insights From PROSPECT Colchicine Reduces Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Coronary Disease

Review ArticleVolume 75, Issue 10, March 2020

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Diuretic Therapy for Patients With Heart Failure JACC State-of-the-Art Review

GM Felker, DH Ellison, W Mullens et al. Keywords: congestion; diuretics; heart failure; pharmacology

ABSTRACT

Expansion of extracellular fluid volume is central to the pathophysiology of heart failure. Increased extracellular fluid leads to elevated intracardiac filling pressures, resulting in a constellation of signs and symptoms of heart failure referred to as congestion. Loop diuretics are one of the cornerstones of treatments for heart failure, but in contrast to other therapies, robust clinical trial evidence to guide the use of diuretics is sparse. A nuanced understanding of renal physiology and diuretic pharmacokinetics is essential for skillful use of diuretics in the management of heart failure in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Diuretic resistance, defined as an inadequate quantity of natriuresis despite an adequate diuretic regimen, is a major clinical challenge that generally portends a poor prognosis. In this review, the authors discuss the fundamental mechanisms and physiological principles that underlie the use of diuretic therapy and the available data on the optimal use of diuretics.