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Independent Association of Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Artery Calcification With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Multivessel Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction The Relation Between Optical Coherence Tomography-Detected Layered Pattern and Acute Side Branch Occlusion After Provisional Stenting of Coronary Bifurcation Lesions A prediction model of simple echocardiographic variables to screen for potentially correctable shunts in adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with atrial septal defects: a cross-sectional study Bench testing and coronary artery bifurcations: a consensus document from the European Bifurcation Club Sildenafil added to pirfenidone in patients with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and risk of pulmonary hypertension: A Phase IIb, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study - Rationale and study design Comprehensive Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Autologous CD34+ Stem Cell Therapy Increases Coronary Flow Reserve and Reduces Angina in Patients With Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Cardiovascular risk prediction in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of 22 risk scores in primary care settings Plaque Rupture, compared to Plaque Erosion, is associated with Higher Level of Pan-coronary Inflammation

Review ArticleVolume 75, Issue 16, April 2020

JOURNAL:JACC Article Link

Lipid-Modifying Agents, From Statins to PCSK9 Inhibitors: JACC Focus Seminar

D Preiss, JA Tobert, GK Hovingh et al. Keywords: ezetimibe; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mendelian randomization; proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; statin

ABSTRACT

Mendelian randomization studies and randomized trials have conclusively demonstrated that lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol results in fewer cardiovascular events. This review describes key stages in the evolution of LDL cholesterol–lowering treatment. Data from over 25 cardiovascular outcome trials confirm that, within a few years, statins lower the relative risk of major atherosclerotic events by about 22% per 38.7 mg/dl (1 mmol/l) reduction in LDL cholesterol, with similar benefit across patient subgroups. Meta-analyses of these trials have established the safety of statins with regard to nonvascular mortality and cancer. Other agents available for prescription include ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, which both reduce major atherosclerotic events in proportion to their effects on LDL cholesterol and have good safety profiles, though PCSK9 inhibitors remain costly. Investigational LDL cholesterol–lowering agents currently being tested in cardiovascular outcome studies are bempedoic acid, an adenosine triphosphate–citrate lyase inhibitor that reduces cholesterol synthesis, and inclisiran, a double-stranded small interfering ribonucleic acid that inhibits PCSK9 synthesis.