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Optimal Stenting Technique for Complex Coronary Lesions Intracoronary Imaging-Guided Pre-Dilation, Stent Sizing, and Post-Dilation Natural History of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection With Spontaneous Angiographic Healing Cardiac Shock Care Centers: JACC Review Topic of the Week Left Ventricular Assist Devices for Lifelong Support Coronary Artery Calcium Is Associated with Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Independent of Myocardial Ischemia Advances in Coronary No-Reflow Phenomenon-a Contemporary Review Long-Term Outcomes of Biodegradable Versus Second-Generation Durable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stent Implantations for Myocardial Infarction Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction With Point-of-Care High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Guidelines in review: Comparison of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes and the 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation Genetic dysregulation of endothelin-1 is implicated in coronary microvascular dysfunction

Review ArticleVolume 75, Issue 16, April 2020

JOURNAL:JACC Article Link

Lipid-Modifying Agents, From Statins to PCSK9 Inhibitors: JACC Focus Seminar

D Preiss, JA Tobert, GK Hovingh et al. Keywords: ezetimibe; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mendelian randomization; proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; statin

ABSTRACT

Mendelian randomization studies and randomized trials have conclusively demonstrated that lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol results in fewer cardiovascular events. This review describes key stages in the evolution of LDL cholesterol–lowering treatment. Data from over 25 cardiovascular outcome trials confirm that, within a few years, statins lower the relative risk of major atherosclerotic events by about 22% per 38.7 mg/dl (1 mmol/l) reduction in LDL cholesterol, with similar benefit across patient subgroups. Meta-analyses of these trials have established the safety of statins with regard to nonvascular mortality and cancer. Other agents available for prescription include ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, which both reduce major atherosclerotic events in proportion to their effects on LDL cholesterol and have good safety profiles, though PCSK9 inhibitors remain costly. Investigational LDL cholesterol–lowering agents currently being tested in cardiovascular outcome studies are bempedoic acid, an adenosine triphosphate–citrate lyase inhibitor that reduces cholesterol synthesis, and inclisiran, a double-stranded small interfering ribonucleic acid that inhibits PCSK9 synthesis.