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Clinical Risk Factors and Atherosclerotic Plaque Extent to Define Risk for Major Events in Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: The Long-Term Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography CONFIRM Registry The Role of the Pericardium in Heart Failure: Implications for Pathophysiology and Treatment Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease Mediterranean Diet and the Association Between Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Risk Extreme Levels of Air Pollution Associated With Changes in Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability and Thrombogenicity in Healthy Adults Empagliflozin Increases Cardiac Energy Production in Diabetes - Novel Translational Insights Into the Heart Failure Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation on Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Subgroup Analysis From ULTIMATE Trial Atherosclerosis — An Inflammatory Disease Major Bleeding Rates in Atrial Fibrillation Patients on Single, Dual, or Triple Antithrombotic Therapy Systemic microvascular dysfunction in microvascular and vasospastic angina

Review Article2020 Oct 3;22(12):73.

JOURNAL:Curr Atheroscler Rep . Article Link

State of the Art in Noninvasive Imaging of Ischemic Heart Disease and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Women: Indications, Performance, and Limitations

P Koilpillai, NR Aggarwal, SL Mulvagh et al. Keywords: imaging; ischemia; microvasculature; noninvasive; women

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEWEstablishing a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women, including assessment for coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) when indicated, can be challenging. Access to performance of invasive testing when appropriate may be limited, and noninvasive imaging assessments have evolved. This review will summarize the various noninvasive imaging modalities available for the diagnosis of IHD and CMD in women, outlining indications, performance modalities, advantages, and limitations.

RECENT FINDINGS -While stress echocardiography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) are widely available and can detect IHD in women, their ability to specifically identify CMD is limited. Novel developments in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, including spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography (PET) have changed the diagnostic landscape. Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA), while unable to diagnose CMD, is developing an emerging role in the risk stratification of ischemic syndromes. Despite the discovery of increased CMD prevalence in symptomatic women and technological advances in diagnostic imaging, practitioners are limited by user expertise and center availability when choosing a diagnostic imaging modality. Knowledge of this evolving field is imperative as it highlights the need for sex-specific assessment of cardiovascular syndromes.