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Frequency, predictors, and prognosis of ejection fraction improvement in heart failure: an echocardiogram-based registry study Stopping or continuing clopidogrel 12 months after drug-eluting stent placement: the OPTIDUAL randomized trial Attenuated plaque detected by intravascular ultrasound: clinical, angiographic, and morphologic features and post-percutaneous coronary intervention complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes Association of Prior Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Midrange Ejection Fraction Circadian Cadence and NR1D1 Tune Cardiovascular Disease DAPT, Our Genome and Clopidogrel Evaluation and Management of Right-Sided Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents Two-Year Outcomes with a Magnetically Levitated Cardiac Pump in Heart Failure Timing of intervention in asymptomatic patients with valvular heart disease
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Review Article2017 Sep 26;70(13):1618-1636.

JOURNAL：J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: What Is its Value?

Guazzi M, Bandera F, Ozemek C et al. Keywords: exercise; gas exchange analysis; heart failure; oxygen consumption

ABSTRACT

Compared with traditional exercise tests, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a thorough assessment of exercise integrative physiology involving the pulmonary, cardiovascular, muscular, and cellular oxidative systems. Due to the prognostic ability of key variables, CPET applications in cardiology have grown impressively to include all forms of exercise intolerance, with a predominant focus on heart failure with reduced or with preserved ejection fraction. As impaired cardiac output and peripheral oxygen diffusion are the main determinants of the abnormal functional response in cardiac patients, invasive CPET has gained new popularity, especially for diagnosing early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. The most impactful advance has recently come from the introduction of CPET combined with echocardiography or CPET imaging, which provides basic information regarding cardiac and valve morphology and function. This review highlights modern CPET use as a single or combined test that allows the pathophysiological bases of exercise limitation to be translated, quite easily, into clinical practice.

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