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A volumetric intravascular ultrasound comparison of early drug-eluting stent thrombosis versus restenosis Economic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Natriuretic Peptide–Guided Therapy for Heart Failure Prognostic implications of baseline 6‐min walk test performance in intermediate risk patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement Cardiac and Kidney Benefits of Empagliflozin in Heart Failure Across the Spectrum of Kidney Function: Insights From EMPEROR-Reduced The conductive function of biopolymer corrects myocardial scar conduction blockage and resynchronizes contraction to prevent heart failure Outcomes 2 Years After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients at Low Surgical Risk Impact of Lesion Preparation Strategies on Outcomes of Left Main PCI: The EXCEL Trial Chimney technique in a TAVR-in-TAVR procedure with high risk of left main artery ostium occlusion From organic and inorganic phosphates to valvular and vascular calcifications

Review ArticleVolume 73, Issue 13, 9 April 2019, Pages 1691-1706

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

TX Zhao, Z Mallat. Keywords: atherosclerosis; clinical trials; immune system; inflammation; therapy and outcome

ABSTRACT


Atherosclerosis has long been known as an inflammatory disease. However, whether targeting inflammation improves outcomes was unproven until the recent results of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-InflammatoryThrombosis Outcomes Study). In this review, we reflect on why it has taken a long time to prove the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and derive important lessons for the future. In particular, we discuss the off-target immune-modulatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies, review the attempted anti-inflammatory therapies including the recently published CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), and discuss the likely reasons for their failures. We further build on CANTOS to review the immune-modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis currently in trials, and discuss the likelihood of their added value as well as the potential hazard associated with their use. We finally argue for a critical approach to the use of animal models, coupled with the use of humans as model organisms to accelerate the identification of the most appropriate targets.