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Bench testing and coronary artery bifurcations: a consensus document from the European Bifurcation Club Physiologic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Discordance Between FFR and iFR Nicotine promotes vascular calcification via intracellular Ca21-mediated, Nox5-induced oxidative stress, and extracellular vesicle release in vascular smooth muscle cells Gut microbiota induces high platelet response in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after ticagrelor treatment Validation of bifurcation DEFINITION criteria and comparison of stenting strategies in true left main bifurcation lesions Evolving understanding of the heterogeneous natural history of individual coronary artery plaques and the role of local endothelial shear stress Relationship between fractional flow reserve value and the amount of subtended myocardium Bosentan therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study Will Pulmonary Artery Denervation Really Have a Place in the Armamentarium of the Pulmonary Hypertension Specialist? Impact of myocardial supply area on the transstenotic hemodynamics as determined by fractional flow reserve

Review ArticleVolume 73, Issue 13, 9 April 2019, Pages 1691-1706

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

TX Zhao, Z Mallat. Keywords: atherosclerosis; clinical trials; immune system; inflammation; therapy and outcome

ABSTRACT


Atherosclerosis has long been known as an inflammatory disease. However, whether targeting inflammation improves outcomes was unproven until the recent results of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-InflammatoryThrombosis Outcomes Study). In this review, we reflect on why it has taken a long time to prove the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and derive important lessons for the future. In particular, we discuss the off-target immune-modulatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies, review the attempted anti-inflammatory therapies including the recently published CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), and discuss the likely reasons for their failures. We further build on CANTOS to review the immune-modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis currently in trials, and discuss the likelihood of their added value as well as the potential hazard associated with their use. We finally argue for a critical approach to the use of animal models, coupled with the use of humans as model organisms to accelerate the identification of the most appropriate targets.