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Covering our tracks – optical coherence tomography to assess vascular healing Elaborately Engineering a Self-Indicating Dual-Drug Nanoassembly for Site-Specific Photothermal-Potentiated Thrombus Penetration and Thrombolysis Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Device specificity of vascular healing following implantation of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds and bioabsorbable polymer metallic drug-eluting stents in human coronary arteries: the ESTROFA OCT BVS vs. BP-DES study Refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Double-Kiss-Crush Bifurcation Stenting: Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Incidence of Adverse Events at 3 Months Versus at 12 Months After Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Cessation in Patients Treated With Thin Stents With Unprotected Left Main or Coronary Bifurcations Volumetric characterization of human coronary calcification by frequency-domain optical coherence tomography Left Main Bifurcation Angioplasty: Are 2 Stents One Too Many? Mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting for coronary artery disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data

Review ArticleVolume 73, Issue 13, 9 April 2019, Pages 1691-1706

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

TX Zhao, Z Mallat. Keywords: atherosclerosis; clinical trials; immune system; inflammation; therapy and outcome

ABSTRACT


Atherosclerosis has long been known as an inflammatory disease. However, whether targeting inflammation improves outcomes was unproven until the recent results of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-InflammatoryThrombosis Outcomes Study). In this review, we reflect on why it has taken a long time to prove the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and derive important lessons for the future. In particular, we discuss the off-target immune-modulatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies, review the attempted anti-inflammatory therapies including the recently published CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), and discuss the likely reasons for their failures. We further build on CANTOS to review the immune-modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis currently in trials, and discuss the likelihood of their added value as well as the potential hazard associated with their use. We finally argue for a critical approach to the use of animal models, coupled with the use of humans as model organisms to accelerate the identification of the most appropriate targets.