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Bridging the Gap Between Epigenetic and Genetic in PAH Effect of Evolocumab on Complex Coronary Disease Requiring Revascularization Percutaneous Atriotomy for Levoatrial–to–Coronary Sinus Shunting in Symptomatic Heart Failure: First-in-Human Experience Serial intravascular ultrasound assessment of very late stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent placement Poor Long-Term Survival in Patients With Moderate Aortic Stenosis The prevalence and importance of frailty in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction - an analysis of PARADIGM-HF and ATMOSPHERE Percutaneous Coronary Intervention vs Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients With Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis The Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Health in Older Women (OPACH) Study Operator Experience and Outcomes After Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Frailty and Bleeding in Older Adults Undergoing TAVR or SAVR: Insights From the FRAILTY-AVR Study

Review ArticleVolume 73, Issue 13, 9 April 2019, Pages 1691-1706

JOURNAL:J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

TX Zhao, Z Mallat. Keywords: atherosclerosis; clinical trials; immune system; inflammation; therapy and outcome

ABSTRACT


Atherosclerosis has long been known as an inflammatory disease. However, whether targeting inflammation improves outcomes was unproven until the recent results of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-InflammatoryThrombosis Outcomes Study). In this review, we reflect on why it has taken a long time to prove the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and derive important lessons for the future. In particular, we discuss the off-target immune-modulatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies, review the attempted anti-inflammatory therapies including the recently published CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), and discuss the likely reasons for their failures. We further build on CANTOS to review the immune-modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis currently in trials, and discuss the likelihood of their added value as well as the potential hazard associated with their use. We finally argue for a critical approach to the use of animal models, coupled with the use of humans as model organisms to accelerate the identification of the most appropriate targets.